In the realm of influential cinematic masterpieces, "Intolerance" stands as a true epic, captivating audiences with its grand scope, elaborate sets, and an ensemble of countless extras. Directed by D.W. Griffith, this film, while not the first to employ techniques like camera tracking and close-ups, earns Griffith the title of the father of modern moviemaking due to his masterful application of these cinematic tools.
The genesis of "Intolerance" lies in controversy, stemming from Griffith's 1915 film, originally titled "The Clansman" and later known as "The Birth of a Nation." While groundbreaking in its innovative techniques, the film faced condemnation for its overt racism, glorifying slavery and the Ku Klux Klan. Despite the controversy, the commercial success of "The Birth of a Nation" provided the financial backing needed for the ambitious production of "Intolerance," a film that, despite its grandeur, experienced financial setbacks at the box office.
Far from being an apologetic endeavor, "Intolerance" unfolds as a four-part drama, weaving together stories of intolerance spanning three millennia. Each narrative is tinged with a different film tint, interconnected by the enduring image of a mother, portrayed by Lillian Gish, rocking a cradle—a symbolic gesture representing the unchanging nature of generations.
The first story immerses viewers in the conflict at the fall of ancient Babylon, fueled by the intolerant devotees of two warring religions. The second narrative explores the aftermath of the wedding at Cana, where Christ meets his demise due to intolerance. The third tale unfolds during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacres in 16th-century France, depicting the brutal clash between Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. The final story introduces two young lovers entangled in a conflict between ruthless capitalists and moralistic striking workers, with Griffith unmistakably taking the side of the lovers.
The film's narrative crescendo is accentuated by the intercutting of the four stories with increasing rapidity, creating a symphonic effect for some and proving tiresome for others. Griffith's innovative use of crosscutting and editing techniques, including racing chariots seamlessly transitioning into speeding trains and cars, remains a hallmark of his directorial prowess.
"Intolerance" boasts more than its epic storytelling; it pioneers technical innovations now taken for granted in filmmaking. These include dissolves between scenes, fade-outs, and the revolutionary close-up. Departing from the full-length shots of earlier films, Griffith's use of close-ups enabled a more nuanced and realistic style of acting, breaking away from the exaggerated, pantomime performances of the past.
In essence, "Intolerance" is not merely a cinematic spectacle; it is a groundbreaking work that left an indelible mark on the art of filmmaking, showcasing Griffith's vision and technical innovation that continues to influence the industry to this day.
Read more about 10 other select films of this era under the Cinema Pioneers & Trailblazers tag.